Timaeus
1888
Plato's Timaeus asks the question that every civilization eventually confronts: how did the universe come to be, and what holds it together? The answer it offers is one of the most audacious in Western thought. A divine craftsman, the Demiurge, looks to eternal Forms and impose order on recalcitrant matter, crafting the cosmos as a living, rational animal whose soul wraps around everything. What follows is a sweeping account of the elements, the nature of matter, the human body, and the architecture of reality itself. The dialogue also contains the famous fragment about Atlantis, the island empire swallowed by the sea, which has haunted human imagination ever since. Written as a conversation between Socrates, the astronomer Timaeus, and the statesman Critias, this is philosophy operating at its most ambitious: an attempt to explain everything from the movement of the stars to the workings of human perception. It shaped cosmology for two thousand years.
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“For many generations…they obeyed the laws and loved the divine to which they were akin…they reckoned that qualities of character were far more important than their present prosperity. So they bore the burden of their wealth and possessions lightly, and did not let their high standard of living intoxicate them or make them lose their self-control…But when the divine element in them became weakened…and their human traits became predominant, they ceased to be able to carry their prosperity with moderation.””
— Plato
“For no man is voluntarily bad; but the bad become bad by reason of an ill disposition of the body and bad education, things which are hateful to every man and happen to him against his will.””
— Plato
“First, I must distinguish between that which always is and never becomes and which is apprehended by reason and reflection, and that which always becomes and never is and is conceived by opinion with the help of sense.””
— Plato
“O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes are but children. [...] There is no old doctrine handed down among you by ancient tradition nor any science which is hoary with age, and I will tell you the reason behind this. There have been and will be again many destructions of mankind arising out of many causes, the greatest having been brought about by earth-fire and inundation. Whatever happened either in your country or ours or in any other country of which we are informed, any action which is noble and great or in any other way remarkable which has taken place, all that has been inscribed long ago in our temple records, whereas you and other nations did not keep imperishable records. And then, after a period of time, the usual inundation visits like a pestilence and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and education. And thus you have to begin over again as children and know nothing of what happened in ancient times either among us or among yourselves.''As for those genealogies of yours which you have related to us, they are no better than tales of children; for in the first place, you remember one deluge only, whereas there were a number of them. And in the next place there dwelt in your land, which you do not know, the fairest and noblest race of men that ever lived of which you are but a seed or remnant. And this was not known to you because for many generations the survivors of that destruction made no records.'[Spoken by a priest of Egypt]””
— Plato
“What is spoken of the unchanging or intelligible must be certain and true; but what is spoken of the created image can only be probable; being is to becoming what truth is to belief.””
— Plato
“Fire, air, earth, and water are bodies and therefore solids, and solids are contained in planes, and plane rectilinear figures are made up of triangles.””
— Plato
“The most famous of them all was the overthrow of the island of Atlantis.””
— Plato
“Now in this island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire which had rule over the whole island and several others, and over parts of the continent, and, furthermore, the men of Atlantis had subjected the parts of Libya within the columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and of Europe as far as Tyrrhenia.””
— Plato
“Is there any self-existent fire? and do all those things which we call self-existent exist? or are only those things which we see, or in some way perceive through the bodily organs, truly existent, and nothing whatever besides them? And is all that which we call an intelligible essence nothing at all, and only a name?””
— Plato











