History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, Volume One

This 1896 work by Cornell University's co-founder helped define how generations understood the relationship between science and religion. White argued that throughout history, religious authorities have opposed scientific advances, from Galileo's heliocentrism to Darwin's evolution, only to see science ultimately prevail. His central claim remains provocative: when religion interferes with scientific inquiry, both suffer; when science proceeds freely, both eventually benefit. White's 'warfare' framework became the dominant narrative in American popular culture, shaping debates that continue today. Though historians of science have largely debunked his oversimplified conflict thesis, pointing out numerous instances of cooperation between science and religion, and criticizing his selective evidence, the book remains essential for understanding how modern secularism emerged and how the conflict narrative took hold. Essential reading for anyone seeking the intellectual origins of contemporary science-and-religion debates, or anyone curious about the 19th-century faith in progress that shaped our current cultural battles.