Plutarch's Lives, Volume 2 (of 4)
1683
Plutarch's Lives shaped how the Western world thinks about heroism. Written in the second century AD, this is the original work of biographical moral philosophy: ancient Greeks and Romans judged not by birth or luck, but by their choices under pressure. This volume follows Pelopidas, the Theban general who liberated his city from Spartan occupation through sheer audacity and the unbreakable bond he shared with Epameinondas. It pairs him with Marcellus, Rome's great commander against Hannibal, whose triumphs in Sicily ended in a scandalous death among his own soldiers. Through parallel lives of Greeks and Romans, Plutarch asks what makes a leader worthy of admiration: courage in battle, wisdom in council, fidelity to friends, or something more elusive. These are not dry chronicles. They are psychological portraits rendered in anecdote and dramatic scene, showing great figures in their most revealing moments. The translation here dates to 1683, revised by Arthur Hugh Clough, preserving the muscular prose that influenced Shakespeare, Emerson, and generations of statesmen. For anyone seeking to understand how the ancients defined virtue, and how that definition still shapes our own ideals of character, there is no better place to begin.
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“And the most glorious exploits do not always furnish us with the clearest discoveries of virtue or vice in men; sometimes a matter of less moment, an expression or a jest, informs us better of their characters and inclinations, than the most famous sieges, the greatest armaments, or the bloodiest battles whatsoever. Therefore as portrait-painters are more exact in the lines and features of the face, in which the character is seen, than in the other parts of the body, so I must be allowed to give my more particular attention to the marks and indications of the souls of men, and while I endeavor by these to portray their lives, may be free to leave more weighty matters and great battles to be treated of by others.””
— Plutarch
“Good fortune will elevate even petty minds, and gives them the appearance of a certain greatness and stateliness, as from their high place they look down upon the world; but the truly noble and resolved spirit raises itself, and becomes more conspicuous in times of disaster and ill fortune...””
— Plutarch
“So inconsiderable a thing is fortune in respect of human nature, and so insufficient to give content to a covetous mind, that an empire of that mighty extent and sway could not satisfy the ambition of two men;””
— Plutarch
“... man by nature is not a wild or unsocial creature, neither was he born so, but makes himself what he naturally is not, by vicious habit; and that again on the other side, he is civilized and grows gentle by a change of place, occupation, and manner of life, as beasts themselves that are wild by nature, become tame and tractable by housing and gentler usage...””
— Plutarch
“Sertorius rose up and spoke to his army, “You see, fellow soldiers, that perseverance is more prevailing than violence, and that many things which cannot be overcome when they are together, yield themselves up when taken little by little. Assiduity and persistence are irresistible, and in time overthrow and destroy the greatest powers whatever. Time being the favorable friend and assistant of those who use their judgment to await his occasions, and the destructive enemy of those who are unseasonably urging and pressing forward.””
— Plutarch
“It is no great wonder if in long process of time, while fortune takes her course hither and thither, numerous coincidences should spontaneously occur. If the number and variety of subjects to be wrought upon be infinite, it is all the more easy for fortune, with such an abundance of material, to effect this similarity of results. Or if, on the other hand, events are limited to the combinations of some finite number, then of necessity the same must often recur, and in the same sequence.””
— Plutarch
“For fortune having hitherto seconded him in his designs, made him resolute and firm in his opinions, and the boldness of his temper raised a sort of passion in him for surmounting difficulties; as if it were not enough to be always victorious in the field, unless places and seasons and nature herself submitted to him.””
— Plutarch
“That which is chiefly the office of a general, to force the enemy into fighting when he finds himself the stronger, and to avoid being driven into it himself when he is the weaker...””
— Plutarch
“Thus ambitious spirits in a commonwealth, when they transgress their bounds, are apt to do more harm than good.””
— Plutarch
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Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives, Volume 2 (of 4). Lex, lex-books.com/book/plutarch-s-lives-volume-2-of-4-123be746-81f2-4b13-b0b3-0b9da6de5df2.Plutarch (1683). Plutarch's Lives, Volume 2 (of 4). Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/plutarch-s-lives-volume-2-of-4-123be746-81f2-4b13-b0b3-0b9da6de5df2Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives, Volume 2 (of 4). Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/plutarch-s-lives-volume-2-of-4-123be746-81f2-4b13-b0b3-0b9da6de5df2.











