Philosophumena; or, The refutation of all heresies, Volume II

A Christian polemical work written in the early third century. This comprehensive catalog systematically examines and refutes 33 Gnostic Christian systems and pagan beliefs the author considered heretical. Drawing connections between ancient Greek philosophy, magical practices, and various early Christian movements, the work exposes controversial disputes within early Christianity—including accusations against canonized popes. Partially lost for centuries, it remains an