Monadology

Monadology, written by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1714, is a foundational text in metaphysics that outlines his philosophy of simple substances known as monads. In approximately 90 paragraphs, Leibniz presents his theory of pre-established harmony, which posits that these monads are individually programmed to act in a coordinated manner without direct interaction. This work modifies earlier Cartesian ideas and addresses the mind-body problem, asserting that true substances are metaphysical points that are both real and exact, contrasting with physical and mathematical points.