Études: Baudelaire, Paul Claudel, André Gide, Rameau, Bach, Franck, Wagner, Moussorgsky, Debussy, Ingres, Cézanne, Gauguin

''Études'' by Jacques Rivière, first published in 1948, is a collection of critical essays examining the contributions of notable figures in French literature, music, and art, including Charles Baudelaire, Paul Claudel, and André Gide. Rivière explores the artistic expressions and philosophical ideas of these figures, emphasizing the interplay between suffering and creativity. The work is notable for its sensual approach to criticism, blending insights from poetry, painting, and music, and reflecting Rivière's deep engagement with the nuances of artistic integrity and expression.