The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242
1903
The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242
1903
Translated by C. H. W. (Claude Hermann Walter) Johns
Step into a throne room that vanished four thousand years ago. The Code of Hammurabi is not merely a historical document but a voice from the dawn of jurisprudence, carved into black diorite by a king who ruled Babylon when the pyramids were still fresh. Discovered in 1901 among the ruins of ancient Susa, this stele preserves 282 laws that governed an empire spanning the Tigris and Euphrates, revealing a civilization obsessed with order, proportionality, and the intricate balance between crime and consequence. Here you will find the famous lex talionis, the 'eye for an eye,' but also surprising provisions: surgeons who botched operations faced fines, architects whose buildings collapsed could be executed, and loan interest varied by social class. This is not dusty antiquarianism. It is the sound of one of humanity's first attempts to speak law into being, and it still has the power to shock, to illuminate, and to remind us how far justice has traveled. For anyone curious about where law began, or who wants to hold a 4,000-year-old voice in their hands, this translation brings the ancient Babylonian king back to life.
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“When Anu the Sublime, King of the Anunnaki, and Bel, the lord of Heaven and earth, who decreed the fate of the land assigned to Marduk, the over-ruling son of Ea, God of righteousness, dominion over earthly man, and made him great among the Igigi, they called Babylon by his illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded an everlasting kingdom in it, whose foundations are laid so solidly as those of heaven and earth; then Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, , so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind....When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land, I did right and righteousness in . . . , and brought about the well-being of the oppressed.[]””
— King of Babylonia Hammurabi
“To bring about the rule of righteousness in the land so that the strong shall not harm the weak.””
— King of Babylonia Hammurabi
“Let him see his judgement, let his heart become soothed.””
— King of Babylonia Hammurabi
About The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242
Chapter Summaries
- Introduction
- Johns explains the significance of Hammurabi's Code as the oldest known legal document, discovered at Susa. He discusses its influence on Hebrew law and its continued study in ancient schools.
- Sections 1-25
- Laws covering witchcraft, perjury, theft, and judicial corruption. Establishes death penalty for many crimes and introduces the river ordeal for determining guilt.
- Sections 26-41
- Regulations for gangers, constables, and other officials, including their benefices and responsibilities. Covers military service obligations and protection of official property.
Key Themes
- Divine Authority and Justice
- The code establishes that earthly law derives from divine mandate, with Hammurabi receiving authority from Šamaš. This legitimizes legal authority through religious sanction and establishes the king as divine representative.
- Social Hierarchy and Class Distinction
- The laws clearly differentiate between gentlemen, poor men, and slaves, with different penalties and compensations for each class. This reflects the stratified nature of Babylonian society and codifies social inequality.
- Retributive Justice
- The famous 'eye for an eye' principle dominates the code, establishing proportional punishment. This represents an early attempt to limit revenge and create measured justice rather than unlimited retaliation.
Characters
- Hammurabi(protagonist)
- King of Babylon (c. 2285-2242 BC) who promulgated this comprehensive legal code. He is portrayed as receiving divine authority from the sun-god Šamaš to establish justice throughout his empire.
- Šamaš(major)
- The sun-god and 'judge of heaven and earth' who grants Hammurabi the authority to create laws. Depicted on the monument giving the code to the king.
- C. H. W. Johns(major)
- The translator and Cambridge lecturer in Assyriology who rendered this ancient code into English. He provides scholarly commentary and alternative interpretations throughout.
- Father V. Scheil(minor)
- French scholar who first published the original text. Johns acknowledges his work while offering alternative translations.
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Hammurabi, King of Babylonia. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242. Lex, lex-books.com/book/the-oldest-code-of-laws-in-the-world-the-code-of-laws-promulgated-by-hammurabi-k-55a433c6-ed20-4b8a-af01-f4077200e830.Hammurabi, K. O. B. (1903). The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242. Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/the-oldest-code-of-laws-in-the-world-the-code-of-laws-promulgated-by-hammurabi-k-55a433c6-ed20-4b8a-af01-f4077200e830Hammurabi, King of Babylonia. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B.C. 2285-2242. Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/the-oldest-code-of-laws-in-the-world-the-code-of-laws-promulgated-by-hammurabi-k-55a433c6-ed20-4b8a-af01-f4077200e830.
