Tacitus: The Histories, Volumes I and II
Tacitus: The Histories, Volumes I and II
Translated by W. Hamilton (William Hamilton) Fyfe
Four emperors in a single year. That's the staggering premise of Tacitus's masterwork, which chronicles the blood-soaked power vacuum that followed Nero's suicide in 68 AD. Within months, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius would each seize the throne, only to be overthrown by the next pretender, while Vespasian's legions looked on. But The Histories is far more than a chronicle of political violence. It is a forensic examination of power at its most naked: how emperors acquire legitimacy, how armies decide loyalties, and how citizens become collateral damage in the ruthless game of imperial succession. Tacitus writes with the compressed intensity of a man who lived through these events, offering unforgettable portraits of men who held absolute power and the systems that enabled their rise and fall. His moral vision is unsparing yet never simple. This is ancient history at its most urgent, a work that reads like thriller fiction while grappling with questions about political legitimacy and human nature that remain urgent today.
About Tacitus: The Histories, Volumes I and II
Chapter Summaries
- 1
- Tacitus introduces his subject matter, explaining his commitment to impartial historical writing and outlining the scope of his work covering the reigns of Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and the rise of Vespasian. He describes the period as rich in disasters and civil strife.
- 2-3
- Analysis of the political situation following Nero's death, describing the reactions of different social classes and the military. Tacitus notes how Nero's death revealed that emperors could be made outside Rome, creating instability throughout the empire.
- 4-11
- Detailed examination of Galba's weaknesses as emperor, his corrupt advisors Vinius and Laco, and the state of the various provincial armies. Describes the growing discontent among the troops and the strategic situation across the empire.
Key Themes
- The Corruption of Power
- Tacitus demonstrates how imperial power corrupts both rulers and those around them. From Galba's ineffective advisors to Vitellius' gluttony and the soldiers' greed for donatives, power becomes a destructive force that undermines virtue and competence.
- The Decline of Roman Virtue
- The historian mourns the loss of traditional Roman values like discipline, honor, and service to the state. The civil wars reveal how far Rome has fallen from its republican ideals, with soldiers more loyal to money than duty.
- Fortune and Fate
- Throughout the narrative, Tacitus explores how fortune determines the rise and fall of emperors. The rapid succession of rulers demonstrates the capricious nature of fate and the instability of human ambition.
Characters
- Galba(protagonist)
- Elderly emperor who ruled for seven months after Nero's death. Known for his austerity and strict discipline, but ultimately unpopular due to his advisors' corruption and his own parsimony.
- Otho(protagonist)
- Former friend of Nero who murdered Galba to become emperor. Despite his dissolute past, he showed nobility in his final suicide to spare Rome further civil war.
- Vitellius(antagonist)
- Gluttonous and indolent emperor proclaimed by the German legions. Known for his excessive luxury and cruelty, ultimately defeated by Vespasian's forces.
- Vespasian(protagonist)
- Pragmatic general conducting the Jewish war who emerged as the ultimate victor. Represented stability and competent rule after the chaos of the Year of Four Emperors.
- Titus(major)
- Vespasian's capable son who commanded in Judaea and served as a key diplomatic figure. Combined military skill with political acumen.
- Piso Licinianus(major)
- Noble young man adopted by Galba as his heir. Showed dignity and courage but was murdered alongside Galba after only four days as Caesar.










