Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten)
Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten) is a 1911 investigative work by Oskar Pfungst that examines the phenomenon of Clever Hans, an Orlov Trotter horse purported to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. Through a series of experiments, Pfungst reveals the mechanisms behind Hans's abilities, ultimately explaining the observer-expectancy effect. This work remains significant in discussions of animal intelligence and the psychological implications of human expectations in research.
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Pfungst, Oskar. Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten). Lex, lex-books.com/book/clever-hans-the-horse-of-mr-von-osten-86b11ed0-18f5-4ad7-b712-ee72d30f6eed.APA
Pfungst, O. (n.d.). Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten). Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/clever-hans-the-horse-of-mr-von-osten-86b11ed0-18f5-4ad7-b712-ee72d30f6eedChicago
Pfungst, Oskar. Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten). Lex. https://lex-books.com/book/clever-hans-the-horse-of-mr-von-osten-86b11ed0-18f5-4ad7-b712-ee72d30f6eed.
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