夢溪筆談, Volume 17-21

A historical collection of essays written during the late 11th century. The work serves as an exploration of various subjects including art, history, and philosophy, reflecting the intellectual pursuits and cultural nuances of the Song Dynasty in China. The essays delve into themes such as painting and calligraphy, the importance of understanding the inner spirit behind artworks, and the wisdom of ancient practices. The opening of this volume presents a rich tapestry of commentary on traditional painting techniques and the criteria for evaluating art. Kuo Shen discusses the perception and appreciation of historical artworks, highlighting anecdotes about renowned painters and their techniques. Through examples, he emphasizes the significance of capturing the essence of subjects in art rather than adhering strictly to their physical forms. In particular, he reflects on the intricacies of various styles, the philosophical meanings behind them, and the need for artists to connect on a deeper level with their creations, providing readers with a glimpse into the cultural conversations prevalent in his time.