The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinusduring the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens

A historical account written in the late 4th century. The work chronicles the events from the accession of Nerva in A.D. 96 to the death of the Emperor Valens in A.D. 378, providing a detailed examination of the Roman Empire's political and military landscape during significant periods of turmoil and transition. Through the lens of a soldier-historian, it offers insights into the complexities of governance, power struggles, and both the virtues and vices of rulers and their subjects. The opening of this history presents a vivid portrayal of the era under Emperor Constantius and the subsequent rise of his nephew, Cæsar Gallus, highlighting Gallus's violent and tyrannical reign. It details the cruelty inflicted by Gallus, exacerbated by the influence of his ambitious wife, as he decimates the lives of both the innocent and the accused, often without any semblance of justice. Further, it outlines the social and military challenges faced by the regions, including incursions by the Isaurians and Saracens, while foreshadowing the eventual conflicts that arise from power struggles and civil unrest. The narrative sets a tone of uncertainty and impending chaos, illustrating the dangers of unchecked ambition and the volatile nature of political power in the Roman Empire.