The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist: An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy

Published in 1915, 'The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist' by Annie Heloise Abel examines the complex role of Native Americans during the Civil War, particularly focusing on the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory. Abel highlights their participation as slaveholders and secessionists, challenging the traditional narratives centered on white Americans. This work is notable for being one of the first serious accounts of Native American involvement in the Civil War, detailing the diplomatic efforts of the Confederacy to secure alliances with these tribes and the internal divisions that influenced their political decisions during this tumultuous period.